what actions led to the formation of new nations

World War I, which lasted from 1914 until 1918, introduced the world to the horrors of trench warfare and lethal new technologies such as toxicant gas and tanks. The result was some of the well-nigh horrific carnage the world had ever seen, with more than than 16 million military personnel and civilians losing their lives.

Information technology likewise radically altered the map, leading to the plummet of the sprawling Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman and Russian empires that had existed for centuries, and the formation of new nations to take their place. Long after the final shot had been fired, the political turmoil and social upheaval continued, and ultimately led to another, even bigger and bloodier global conflict two decades later.

The event that sparked the conflagration was the assassination of the heir to the Austro-hungarian empire, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in 1914. But historians say that World State of war I actually was the culmination of a long series of events, stretching dorsum to the late 1800s. The path to war included enough of miscalculations and actions that turned out to have unforeseen consequences.

"No one tin say precisely why it happened," explains the narration to a film at the National World State of war I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City. "Which may be, in the end, the all-time explanation for why information technology did."

Here are eight of the events that led to the war.

ane. Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)

Both Russia and French republic, which had been humiliated in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, feared the ascent ability of Germany, which had already formed alliances with Austria-Hungary and Italia. Then the two nations decided to join forces for common protection likewise. It was the start of what would become the Allied side, the Triple Entente, in World War I.

"To my listen, it is the coming together of the Triple Entente in stages—the Franco-Russian Brotherhood in 1894, the British-French Entente Cordiale of 1904, and the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907—that really solidified the system of diplomatic agreements that formed the principal combative blocs that went to war in 1914," Richard S. Fogarty, an acquaintance professor of history at University at Albany, explains. "The alliance system was disquisitional to shaping the war, and even in helping bring it on: it created a set of expectations near international rivalry and competition, determining what kind of state of war Europeans imagined and prepared for."

Sentinel: World War I Alliances

two. First High german Naval Police force, (1898)

This legislation, advocated by Germany'south newly-appointed Secretary of the Imperial Navy, Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, dramatically expanded the size of Deutschland'due south battle fleet. Information technology was the first of five laws dictating a buildup in which the Germans envisioned building a force that was superior to Britain's Imperial Navy.

"Tirpitz aimed at forcing Uk into an brotherhood with Germany on German terms," explains Eugene Beiriger, an associate professor of history, peace, justice and conflict studies at DePaul University, and author of the 2018 book Earth State of war I: A Historical Exploration of Literature. Instead, the British responded by building even more ships, and by ending their late 1880s policy of "fantabulous isolation" to form alliances with Japan, French republic and Russia.

"The German Naval Laws created unintended consequences," Beiriger says in an email. "They ended up alienating both the government and public of Britain prior to the war."

three. The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Russia's Arbiter Nicholas 2 wanted to obtain a port that gave his navy and commercial ships access to the Pacific, and he set his sites on Korea. The Japanese saw Russian federation's ascent aggressiveness as a menace, and launched a surprise attack on Nicholas' fleet at Port Arthur in People's republic of china. The resulting war, fought both at body of water and on land in China, was won past the Japanese, and as Beiriger notes, it helped shift power the power balance in Europe.

Russia's allies France and Britain, which were allied with Nippon, signed their own understanding in 1904 to avoid being pulled into the war. French republic afterwards convinced the Russians to enter into an alliance with the British as well, laying the background for their alliance in World War I. In add-on, "Russia'due south expansion in the E had been stopped by Japan," Beiriger says. "This turned Russian ambitions due west, especially in the Balkans, and influenced hardliners within the government to not back downwards in future crises." That Russian combativeness helped trigger World War I less than a decade later.

4. Austria-Hungary's Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908)

A railroad train packed with soldiers leaves a railway stationduring the Bosnian annexation crunch in 1908.

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Under an 1878 treaty, Austria-hungary was governing Bosnia and Herzegovina, even though technically they were all the same part of the Ottoman Empire. Simply afterwards Austro-Hungarian authorities annexed their territory, the movement backfired. The two provinces' generally Slavic population wanted to take their ain country, while Slavs in nearby Serbia had the ambition of appropriating the provinces themselves.

Coil to Keep

"In multi-indigenous empires, nationalistic fervor fueled resistance to distant rulers," Doran Cart, senior curator of the National World War I Museum and Memorial, says. "Tension was powder-keg high in the Balkans, where Slavic people, aided past the Slavs of Russian federation, resisted the dominion of Austro-hungarian empire." Additionally, the move drew Russia, which saw itself every bit Serbia's protector, toward a gradual showdown with the Austro-Hungarian government.

five. The Second Moroccan Crunch (1911)

The German small-scale cruiser SMS Berlin is shown arriving two days after gunboat Panther in club to strengthen the German position off shore Agadir, Morocco, July 1911.

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The French and Germans butted heads for several years over Morocco, where Germany'southward Kaiser Wilhelm II meddled in an effort to pressure the French-British brotherhood. In the Commencement Moroccan Crisis in 1905, he actually sailed to Tangiers to limited his back up for the sultan of Morocco confronting French interests. But instead of backing abroad from the conflict, the British rose in support of French republic.

In the 2d Moroccan Crisis in 1911, the German language foreign secretary, Alfred von Kiderlen- Wächter, sent a naval cruiser to anchor in a harbor on the Moroccan coast, in reaction to a tribal revolt that the Germans thought was existence backed past France as a pretext for seizing the country. Once again, the British backed the French, and somewhen, Germany was forced to agree to recognize a French protectorate in Kingdom of morocco. The two crises pushed the British and French closer together, and only hastened an eventual confrontation with the Germans.

half dozen. Italy Invades Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya (1911)

The Italian authorities declared state of war on Turkey in 1911 because it had refused to let the war machine occupation of Tripoli past Italy. Italian troops are seen here landing after the bombardment of Benghazi.

Universal History Annal/Universal Images Group/Getty Images

The modern Italian state, which didn't begin until 1861, had been "largely left out of the scramble that congenital Britain, France, and other powers into worldwide empires," Fogarty explains. The Italian government set its sights on Libya, a North African country that hadn't been claimed by some other western European power, and decided to accept it from the Ottoman Empire. The Italo-Turkish War concluded with a peace treaty, but the Ottoman military left Libya and permit the Italians colonize it. It was the first military machine conflict that featured aerial bombing, only as Fogarty notes, the real significance was that information technology exposed the shakiness of the Ottoman Empire and its slipping command over peripheral territories. That, in turn, was one of the factors that ultimately led to Globe State of war I, which Fogarty describes as "a state of war of empires, some expanding or seeking to expand, some keen to hold on to what they had, others trying desperately not to lose what they had left,"

vii. The Balkan Wars (1912-13)

Soldiers resting with their weapons off a battleground during the Balkan Wars.

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Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece, which had broken abroad from the Ottoman Empire during the 1800s, formed an alliance called the Balkan League. The Russian-backed alliance aimed to have away even more than of the Turks' remaining territory in the Balkans.

In the First Balkan War in 1912, Serbia, Hellenic republic and Montenegro defeated Ottoman forces, and forced them to agree to an armistice. Just the Balkan League before long disintegrated, and in the Second Balkan War, the Bulgarians fought the Greeks and Serbs over Macedonia, and the Ottoman Empire and Romania jumped into the fray against the Bulgarians every bit well.

Republic of bulgaria ultimately was defeated. The Balkan Wars made the region even more than unstable. In the power void left by the Ottomans, tensions grew between Serbia and Republic of austria-Republic of hungary. That, in turn, led Austria-hungary and its ally, Germany, to decide that a war with the Serbs would be needed at some point to strengthen Austria-hungary's position. "Many historians consider the Balkan Wars as the truthful first of the Start World War," Fogarty says.

viii. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)

Scout: How a Incorrect Turn Started World State of war I

The archduke, who was heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, went to Sarajevo to audit the regal troops stationed in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He and his wife Sophie were shot to expiry in their car by a 19-year-quondam Serbian revolutionary, Gavrilo Princip.

"The assassination highlighted the nationalism that was pulling the Austria-hungary apart at the seams," Fogarty explains, noting that Serbian extremists actually wanted Franz Ferdinand dead because they feared he was besides moderate and would promote a power-sharing arrangement that would continue Slavic peoples in the empire.

"His assassination killed the idea, whether or not information technology was ever realistic to begin with, and radicalized Serbian defiance and Austrian determination to solve the nationalism problem for good, at least with respect to Serbia," Fogarty says.

Instead, the tension betwixt European powers increased, every bit they took different sides in the crisis. Equally the U.1000.'due south Majestic War Museum notes, the killing put both Republic of austria-Republic of hungary and Russian federation, which saw itself as the Serbians' protector, in a bind. Neither one of them wanted to back downwardly and appear weak. Fearing a fight that would draw in Russia, Austria-Hungary turned for help to Germany, which promised backing if the Austro-Hungarians used strength against the Serbians. German language support emboldened Austria-hungary to declare war on Serbia on July 28.

Ii days later, Russia's military mobilized, and the Germans saw that they besides were in a bind. They didn't want to fight both Russia and its ally France on two fronts simultaneously, so it became imperative to knock the French military out of the war before Russia was fix to fight. Germany alleged war on Russia on August i, and two days later declared state of war confronting France. German forces gathered on the border of neutral Kingdom of belgium, which they planned to cross in society to invade France. Belgium called for help, and on August 4, Great Britain declared war on Federal republic of germany.

World War I had begun.

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Source: https://www.history.com/news/world-war-i-causes

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